Jumat, 26 Juni 2009

KINDS OF AMPHIBIANS (أنواع البرمائيات )

KINDS OF AMPHIBIANS

An amphibian is an animal that has moist, hairless skin. Amphibians are cold-blooded, which means they cannot make their own body heat. They get warm in the sun and cool off in the shade. The three main groups of amphibians are frogs and toads, salamanders, and caecilians. All amphibians have backbones.

THE DOUBLE LIFE

Most amphibians start out as larvae. Larvae look totally different from adult amphibians. Frog larvae are sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles. These larvae look more like fish. They live underwater and have a tail that they use for swimming. They breathe through gills to get oxygen from the water.

An amphibian’s body changes completely when it goes from a larva to a grown-up. This kind of change is called metamorphosis. Most grown-up amphibians have lungs for breathing instead of gills. Some have both lungs and gills.

AMAZING SKIN

Amphibians can “drink” through their skin. The skin of an adult amphibian is able to absorb water from its environment around. Most amphibians do not even swallow water. Their skin soaks up as much as they need.

Amphibians also breathe through their skin. Their skin takes in oxygen as well as water. Most grown-up amphibians get oxygen through both their lungs and their skin. But some salamanders get all their oxygen through their skin. They do not even have lungs or gills.

Slimy stuff called mucus covers an amphibian’s skin. The mucus keeps just the right amount of salt and water in the amphibian. In some species the mucus is poisonous, which helps keep predators from eating the amphibian

أنواع البرمائيات

برمائي هو الحيوان الذي له الجلد الرطب بلا شعر.البرمائيات بارد الجلد، بمعنى أنها تَستطيع أن تَجْعلُ حرارةُ جسمُها الخاصةُ. تنال الدفئ من الشمسِ والبرودة من الظِلّ. هناك المجموعات الرئيسية الثلاث للبرمائيات frogs and toads, salamanders, و caecilians. كُلّ البرمائيات لَها الأعمدة الفقرية

الحياة المضاعفة

أكثر البرمائيات تَبْدأُ من كيرقات. تَنْظرُ اليرقاتُ كلياً مختلفة عن البرمائيات الكبيرة. يرقات الضفدعَ أحياناً تسمّى pollywogs أَو دعاميص. هذه اليرقاتِ مثل سمك. هي تعِيشُ تحت الماءَ و لها الذيل المستعمل للسِباحَة. يَتنفّسونَ خلال الخياشيم للحُصُول على الأوكسجينِ مِنْ الماء

تغييرات جسمِ برمائي بالكامل تَبْدأُ متى يَذْهبُ مِنْ يرقة إلى الكبر. هذا النوعِ مِنْ التغييرِ مسمّى التحويل. أكثر البرمائيات الكبرة لَها رئتين للتنفّس بدلاً مِنْ خياشيمِ. بعضها لهاْ كلتا الرئة وخيشوم

الجلد المُعجب

البرمائيات تتمكن أَنْ "تَشْربُ" خلال جلدها. جلد البرمائي الكبير قادر على إِمْتِصاص الماءِ مِنْ البيئة المحيطة. أكثر البرمائيات لا تجرعِ ماء. جلدهم يَمتصُّ بقدر ما يَحتاجونَ

البرمائيات أيضاً تَتنفّسُ خلال جلدها. جلدها يَأْخذُ الأوكسجينِ كما يأخذ الماء. أكثر البرمائيات الكبيرة تأخذ الأوكسجين خلال كلتا رئتها و جلدها. لكن بَعْض السمندراتِ تَحْصلُ الأوكسجين خلال جلدِها. ما لها رئتين أَو خياشيم

سميت المادة المخاطيّة مخاطاً يَغطّي جلد البرمائي. المخاط يَبقي فقط الكمية الصحيحة للملحِ والماءِ في البرمائي. في بَعْض النوعِ، المخاط سامّ، الذي منع على إبْقاء المفترسين مِنْ أكل البرمائي

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